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NOTE:
• A list of references contains details only of those works cited in the text.
• A bibliography lists sources not cited in the text but which are relevant to
the subject and were used for background reading.
• Before you compile your bibliography/reference list check with your
lecturer/tutor for the bibliographic style preferred by the Academic
Department.
• A citation is an acknowledgement in your text of references that support your
work. It is in the form of a number that correlates with a source in your
reference list.
• There are many ways of setting out bibliographies and reference lists. The following are
examples of one style – the Vancouver System. It is commonly used in medical and
scientific journals.
• Your reference list should identify references cited (eg. book, journal article, pamphlet,
internet site, cassette tape or film) in sufficient detail so that others may locate and consult your
references.
• Your reference list should appear at the end of your essay/report with the entries listed
numerically and in the same order that they have been cited in the text.
• If you have cited sources from the Internet, these should be in your reference list.
• The bibliography is a separate list from the reference list and should be arranged
alphabetically by author or title (where no author is given) in the Vancouver Style.
• Punctuation marks and spaces in the reference list and citations are very important. Follow
the punctuation and spacing exactly in the examples given.
INDICATING REFERENCES IN THE TEXT OF YOUR ESSAY
** It is important to BE CONSISTENT when you are referencing. **
• In the Vancouver Style, citations within the text of your essay/paper are identified by
Arabic numbers in round brackets. This applies to references in text, tables and
figures. e.g. (2) – this is the style used by the referencing software Endnote.
• The identification of references within the text of your essay/paper may vary according to
the preferred style of the journal or the preferred style of the department or lecturer. For
example superscript may be preferred when referencing.
• The Vancouver System assigns a number to each reference as it is cited. A number must
be used even if the author(s) is named in the sentence/text.
Example: Smith (10) has argued that….
• The original number assigned to the reference is reused each time the reference is cited
in the text, regardless of its previous position in the text.
L:\ClientServices\LearningSkills\InformationSkills\HowToGuides\Citation Styles\Vancouver\vancouver.doc June 2005 2
• When multiple references are cited at a given place in the text, use a hyphen to join the
first and last numbers that are inclusive. Use commas (without spaces) to separate noninclusive
numbers in a multiple citation eg. 2,3,4,5,7,10 is abbreviated to (2-5,7,10) Do not
use a hyphen if there are no citation numbers in between that support your statement eg. 1-
2.
• The placement of citation numbers within text should be carefully considered, for example a
particular reference may be relevant to only part of a sentence. As a general rule,
reference numbers should be placed outside full stops and commas, inside colons and
semicolons; however, this may vary according to the requirements of a particular journal.
Examples:
There have been efforts to replace mouse inoculation testing with invitro tests, such
as enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (57,60) or polymerase chain reaction, (20-
22) but these remain experimental.
Moir and Jessel maintain “that the sexes are interchangeable”. (1)
CITING A BOOK
The essential details required are (in order):
1. Name/s of author/s, editor/s, compiler/s or the institution responsible.
• Where there are 6 or less authors you must list all authors.
• Where there are 7 or more authors, only the first 6 are listed and add “et
al” (et al means “and others”).
• Put a comma and 1 space between each name. The last author must
have a full-stop after their initial(s).
Format: surname (1 space) initial/s (no spaces or punctuation between initials)
(full-stop OR if further names comma, 1 space)
Example 1.1: Smith AK, Jones BC, editors.
Example 1.2: Smith AK, Jones BC, Bloggs TC, Ashe PT, Fauci AS, Wilson JD et al.
Example 1.3: The Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand.
Example 1.4: When no author is given “Anonymous” or “Anon” is unnecessary. Us the
title of the article or book.
2.
Title of publication and subtitle if any
• Do not use italics or underlining.
• Only the first word of journal articles or book titles (and words that
normally begin with a capital letter) are capitalised.
Format: 1: title (full-stop, 1 space)
Example 2.1: Harrison's principles of internal medicine.
Example 2.2: Physical pharmacy: physical chemical principles in the pharmaceutical
sciences.
Example 2.3: Pharmacy in Australia: the national experience
3.
Edition, if other than first edition.
• Abbreviate the word edition to:- ed. (Do not confuse with editor.)
Format: edition statement (fullstop, 1 space)
Example 3.1: 3rd ed.
L:\ClientServices\LearningSkills\InformationSkills\HowToGuides\Citation Styles\Vancouver\vancouver.doc June 2005 3
4. Place of publication
• If the publishers are located in more than one city, cite the name of the
city that is printed first.
• Write the place name in full.
• If the place name is not well known, add a comma, 1 space and the state
or the country for clarification. For places in the USA, add after the place
name the 2 letter postal code for the state. This must be in upper case
eg. Hartford (CN): (where CN=Connecticut). For more information see:
.
Format: place of publication (colon, 1 space)
Example 4.1: Hartford (CN):
Example 4.2: Texas (NSW):
Example 4.3: Kyoto (Japan):
5. Publisher
• The publisher’s name should be spelt out in full.
Format: publisher (semi-colon, 1 space)
Example 5.1: Australian Government Publishing Service;
Example 5.2: Raven Press;
Example 5.3: Williams & Wilkins;
6. Year of publication.
Format: year (full-stop, add 1 space if page numbers follow)
Example 6.1: 1999.
Example 6.2: 2000. p. 12-5.
7. Page numbers (if applicable).
• Abbreviate the word page to “p.”.
• NOTE: do not repeat digits unnecessarily – abbreviate.
Format: p (full-stop, 1 space) page numbers (full-stop).
Example 7.1: p. 122-9.
Example 7.2: p. 1129-57.
Example 7.3: p. 333,338,340-5. (when article not on continuous pages)
8. Series title and individual volume (if any).
• Put in brackets.
• Abbreviate the word volume to “vol”.
Format: (Series title (semi-colon, 1 space) vol (1 space) volume number) fullstop
outside brackets
Example 8.1: (Annals of the New York academy of sciences; vol 288).
Examples of Citing Books:
• One to six authors
Getzen TE. Health economics: fundamentals of funds. New York: John Wiley & Sons;
1997.
Explanation of above citation:
AUTHOR TITLE
Getzen TE. Health economics: fundamentals and flow of funds.
New York: John Wiley & Sons; 1997.
PLACE OF PUBLICATION PUBLISHER YEAR OF PUBLICATION
Lodish H, Baltimore D, Berk A, Zipursky SL, Matsudaira P, Darnell J. Molecular cell biology.
3rd ed. New York: Scientific American; 1995.
L:\ClientServices\LearningSkills\InformationSkills\HowToGuides\Citation Styles\Vancouver\vancouver.doc June 2005 4
• More than six authors
Give the first six names in full and add “et al”. The authors are listed in the order in which
they appear on the title page.
Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Isselbacher KJ, Wilson JD, Martin JB, Kasper DL, et al, editors.
Harrison’s principles of internal medicine. 14th ed. New York: McGraw Hill, Health
Professions Division; 1998.
• Editor/s
Follow the same methods used with authors but use the word “editor” or “editors” in full after
the name/s. The word editor or editors must be in lower case. (Do NOT confuse with “ed.”
used for edition.)
Millares M, editor. Applied drug information: strategies for information management.
Vancouver (WA): Applied Therapeutics, Inc.; 1998.
• Sponsored by institution, corporation or other organisation (including PAMPHLET)
Australian Pharmaceutical Advisory Council. Integrated best practice model for medication
management in residential aged care facilities. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing
Service; 1997.
Example of pamphlet (if available include additional information eg place of
production, printer):
Pharmaceutical Society of Australia. Medicines and driving [pamphlet]. Pharmaceutical
Society of Australia;1998. DR-7.
• Package insert (leaflet supplied with medicine):
Lamasil [package insert]. East Hanover (NJ): Sandoz Pharmaceuticals Corp; 1993.
• Edition (other than first)
Blenkinsopp A, Paxton P. Symptoms in the pharmacy: a guide to the management of
common illness. 3rd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Science; 1998.
• Chapter or part of a book to which a number of authors have contributed
Porter RJ, Meldrum BS. Antiepileptic drugs. In: Katzung BG, editor. Basic and clinical
pharmacology. 6th ed. Norwalk (CN): Appleton and Lange; 1995. p. 361-80.
• Dictionary and similar references
Stedman's medical dictionary. 26th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1995. Apraxia; p. 119-
20.
Note: Include the Definition looked up - in this case "Apraxia"
• Book in a Series
Bennett GL, Horuk R. Iodination of chemokines for use in receptor binding analysis. In:
Horuk R, editor. Chemokine receptors. New York (NY): Academic Press; 1997. p. 134-48.
(Methods in enzymology; vol 288).
Chemokine receptors = name of the book
Methods in enzymology = title of the series
• Encyclopaedia
Hanrahan C. Valerian. In: Krapp K, Longe JL, editors. The Gale encyclopedia of alternative
medicine. Michigan: Gale Group; 2001. vol 4 p. 1768-70.
L:\ClientServices\LearningSkills\InformationSkills\HowToGuides\Citation Styles\Vancouver\vancouver.doc June 2005 5
• Legal Material
Note: (s = section of act, r = regulation)
Pharmacy Act 1976 (Qld)
Airlines Equipment Amendment Act 1981 (Cwlth), s. 19(1)(a)(ii)
Public Service Regulations (Cwlth), r.83(2)(a)(ii)
CITING A JOURNAL ARTICLE
The essential details required are (in order):
1. Name/s of author/s of the article.
See step 1 of "Citing a book" for full details.
2. Title of article.
See step 2 of "Citing a book" for full details.
Example 2.1: Validation of an immunoassay for measurement of plasma total
homocysteine.
3. Title of journal (abbreviated).
• Abbreviate title according to the style used in Medline. A list of
abbreviations can be found at:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=journals
• Note: no punctuation marks are used in the abbreviated journal name –
just spaces.
Format: journal title abbreviation (1 space)
Example 3.1: Bol Soc Dent Guatem
Example 3.2: J Mol Biol
4. Year (and month/day if necessary/available) of publication.
• Abbreviate the month to the first 3 letters.
Format: year (1 space) month (1space) day (semi-colon, no space) OR
year (semi-colon, no space)
Example 4.1: 1996 Jun 1;12(5):127-33.
5. Volume number (and issue/part -).
• *If the journal has continuous page numbering through volume’s issues,
the month/day and issue information may be omitted.
Format: volume number (no space) issue number in brackets (colon, no
space) OR volume number (colon, no space)
Example 5.1: 1996;12(5):127-33. or 1996;12:127-33
6. Page numbers
NOTE: do not repeat digits unnecessarily
Format: page numbers (full-stop)
Example 6.1: 531-5
L:\ClientServices\LearningSkills\InformationSkills\HowToGuides\Citation Styles\Vancouver\vancouver.doc June 2005 6
Examples of Citing Journals:
NOTE SOME JOURNALS MAY HAVE:
• A day, month and year
• A month and year
• A season and year eg. Autumn 2001
• Only a year
Russell FD, Coppell AL, Davenport AP. In vitro enzymatic processing of radiolabelled big ET-1 in
human kidney as a food ingredient. Biochem Pharmacol 1998 Mar 1;55(5):697-701.
Explanation of above citation:
AUTHORS TITLE OF ARTICLE
Russell FD, Coppell AL, Davenport AP. In vitro enzymatic processing of radiolabelled big ET-1 in
human kidney as a food ingredient. Biochem Pharmacol 1998 Mar 1;55(5):697-701.
TITLE OF PUBLICATION
JOURNAL YR/MO/DAY.
VOLUME/ PAGE NO.S
ISSUE NO.
NOTE: - Choose an option and be consistent
Option 1: Month and day (if available) may be omitted only if continuous paging
through issues.
Option 2: Month/day (if available) and issue number (if available) are important if the
pages in the journal are non-continuous
Option 3: Continuous page numbers (most journals have this) – may omit month/day
and issue number. Example below.
Russell FD, Coppell AL, Davenport AP. In vitro enzymatic processing of radiolabelled big ET-1 in
human kidney as a food ingredient. Biochem Pharmacol 1998;55:697-701.
No author given in article
Coffee drinking and cancer of the pancreas [editorial]. BMJ 1981;283:628.
Journals with parts and/or supplements
Examples:
Volume with supplement:
Environ Health Perspect 1994;102 Suppl 1:275-82.
Issue with supplement:
Semin Oncol 1996:23(1 Suppl 2):89-97.
Volume with part:
Ann Clin Biochem 1995;32(Pt 3):303-6.
Issue with part:
N Z Med J 1994;107(986 Pt 1):377-8.
Issue with no volume:
Clin Orthop 1995;(320):110-4.
No issue or volume:
Curr Opin Gen Surg 1993:325-33.
L:\ClientServices\LearningSkills\InformationSkills\HowToGuides\Citation Styles\Vancouver\vancouver.doc June 2005 7
CITING CONFERENCES
Treat the proceedings of a conference like a book, adding pertinent information about the
conference and cite a presentation from the proceedings like a work in a collection of pieces by
different authors:
Conference Papers
Bengtsson S, Solheim BG. Enforcement of data protection, privacy and security in medical
informatics. In: Lun KC, Degoulet P, Piemme TE, Reinhoff O, editors. MEDINFO 92.
Proceedings of the 7th World Congress on Medical Informatics; 1992 Sep 6-10; Geneva,
Switzerland. Amsterdam: North-Holland; 1992. p. 1561-5.
Conference Proceedings
Kimura J, Shibasaki H, editors. Recent advances in clinical neurophysiology. Proceedings of the
10th International Congress of EMG and Clinical Neurophysiology; 1995 Oct 15-19; Kyoto,
Japan. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1996.
CITING A NEWSPAPER ARTICLE
The details may vary depending on the layout of the newspaper eg. section may not be relevant.
• A list of references contains details only of those works cited in the text.
• A bibliography lists sources not cited in the text but which are relevant to
the subject and were used for background reading.
• Before you compile your bibliography/reference list check with your
lecturer/tutor for the bibliographic style preferred by the Academic
Department.
• A citation is an acknowledgement in your text of references that support your
work. It is in the form of a number that correlates with a source in your
reference list.
• There are many ways of setting out bibliographies and reference lists. The following are
examples of one style – the Vancouver System. It is commonly used in medical and
scientific journals.
• Your reference list should identify references cited (eg. book, journal article, pamphlet,
internet site, cassette tape or film) in sufficient detail so that others may locate and consult your
references.
• Your reference list should appear at the end of your essay/report with the entries listed
numerically and in the same order that they have been cited in the text.
• If you have cited sources from the Internet, these should be in your reference list.
• The bibliography is a separate list from the reference list and should be arranged
alphabetically by author or title (where no author is given) in the Vancouver Style.
• Punctuation marks and spaces in the reference list and citations are very important. Follow
the punctuation and spacing exactly in the examples given.
INDICATING REFERENCES IN THE TEXT OF YOUR ESSAY
** It is important to BE CONSISTENT when you are referencing. **
• In the Vancouver Style, citations within the text of your essay/paper are identified by
Arabic numbers in round brackets. This applies to references in text, tables and
figures. e.g. (2) – this is the style used by the referencing software Endnote.
• The identification of references within the text of your essay/paper may vary according to
the preferred style of the journal or the preferred style of the department or lecturer. For
example superscript may be preferred when referencing.
• The Vancouver System assigns a number to each reference as it is cited. A number must
be used even if the author(s) is named in the sentence/text.
Example: Smith (10) has argued that….
• The original number assigned to the reference is reused each time the reference is cited
in the text, regardless of its previous position in the text.
L:\ClientServices\LearningSkills\InformationSkills\HowToGuides\Citation Styles\Vancouver\vancouver.doc June 2005 2
• When multiple references are cited at a given place in the text, use a hyphen to join the
first and last numbers that are inclusive. Use commas (without spaces) to separate noninclusive
numbers in a multiple citation eg. 2,3,4,5,7,10 is abbreviated to (2-5,7,10) Do not
use a hyphen if there are no citation numbers in between that support your statement eg. 1-
2.
• The placement of citation numbers within text should be carefully considered, for example a
particular reference may be relevant to only part of a sentence. As a general rule,
reference numbers should be placed outside full stops and commas, inside colons and
semicolons; however, this may vary according to the requirements of a particular journal.
Examples:
There have been efforts to replace mouse inoculation testing with invitro tests, such
as enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (57,60) or polymerase chain reaction, (20-
22) but these remain experimental.
Moir and Jessel maintain “that the sexes are interchangeable”. (1)
CITING A BOOK
The essential details required are (in order):
1. Name/s of author/s, editor/s, compiler/s or the institution responsible.
• Where there are 6 or less authors you must list all authors.
• Where there are 7 or more authors, only the first 6 are listed and add “et
al” (et al means “and others”).
• Put a comma and 1 space between each name. The last author must
have a full-stop after their initial(s).
Format: surname (1 space) initial/s (no spaces or punctuation between initials)
(full-stop OR if further names comma, 1 space)
Example 1.1: Smith AK, Jones BC, editors.
Example 1.2: Smith AK, Jones BC, Bloggs TC, Ashe PT, Fauci AS, Wilson JD et al.
Example 1.3: The Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand.
Example 1.4: When no author is given “Anonymous” or “Anon” is unnecessary. Us the
title of the article or book.
2.
Title of publication and subtitle if any
• Do not use italics or underlining.
• Only the first word of journal articles or book titles (and words that
normally begin with a capital letter) are capitalised.
Format: 1: title (full-stop, 1 space)
Example 2.1: Harrison's principles of internal medicine.
Example 2.2: Physical pharmacy: physical chemical principles in the pharmaceutical
sciences.
Example 2.3: Pharmacy in Australia: the national experience
3.
Edition, if other than first edition.
• Abbreviate the word edition to:- ed. (Do not confuse with editor.)
Format: edition statement (fullstop, 1 space)
Example 3.1: 3rd ed.
L:\ClientServices\LearningSkills\InformationSkills\HowToGuides\Citation Styles\Vancouver\vancouver.doc June 2005 3
4. Place of publication
• If the publishers are located in more than one city, cite the name of the
city that is printed first.
• Write the place name in full.
• If the place name is not well known, add a comma, 1 space and the state
or the country for clarification. For places in the USA, add after the place
name the 2 letter postal code for the state. This must be in upper case
eg. Hartford (CN): (where CN=Connecticut). For more information see:
Format: place of publication (colon, 1 space)
Example 4.1: Hartford (CN):
Example 4.2: Texas (NSW):
Example 4.3: Kyoto (Japan):
5. Publisher
• The publisher’s name should be spelt out in full.
Format: publisher (semi-colon, 1 space)
Example 5.1: Australian Government Publishing Service;
Example 5.2: Raven Press;
Example 5.3: Williams & Wilkins;
6. Year of publication.
Format: year (full-stop, add 1 space if page numbers follow)
Example 6.1: 1999.
Example 6.2: 2000. p. 12-5.
7. Page numbers (if applicable).
• Abbreviate the word page to “p.”.
• NOTE: do not repeat digits unnecessarily – abbreviate.
Format: p (full-stop, 1 space) page numbers (full-stop).
Example 7.1: p. 122-9.
Example 7.2: p. 1129-57.
Example 7.3: p. 333,338,340-5. (when article not on continuous pages)
8. Series title and individual volume (if any).
• Put in brackets.
• Abbreviate the word volume to “vol”.
Format: (Series title (semi-colon, 1 space) vol (1 space) volume number) fullstop
outside brackets
Example 8.1: (Annals of the New York academy of sciences; vol 288).
Examples of Citing Books:
• One to six authors
Getzen TE. Health economics: fundamentals of funds. New York: John Wiley & Sons;
1997.
Explanation of above citation:
AUTHOR TITLE
Getzen TE. Health economics: fundamentals and flow of funds.
New York: John Wiley & Sons; 1997.
PLACE OF PUBLICATION PUBLISHER YEAR OF PUBLICATION
Lodish H, Baltimore D, Berk A, Zipursky SL, Matsudaira P, Darnell J. Molecular cell biology.
3rd ed. New York: Scientific American; 1995.
L:\ClientServices\LearningSkills\InformationSkills\HowToGuides\Citation Styles\Vancouver\vancouver.doc June 2005 4
• More than six authors
Give the first six names in full and add “et al”. The authors are listed in the order in which
they appear on the title page.
Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Isselbacher KJ, Wilson JD, Martin JB, Kasper DL, et al, editors.
Harrison’s principles of internal medicine. 14th ed. New York: McGraw Hill, Health
Professions Division; 1998.
• Editor/s
Follow the same methods used with authors but use the word “editor” or “editors” in full after
the name/s. The word editor or editors must be in lower case. (Do NOT confuse with “ed.”
used for edition.)
Millares M, editor. Applied drug information: strategies for information management.
Vancouver (WA): Applied Therapeutics, Inc.; 1998.
• Sponsored by institution, corporation or other organisation (including PAMPHLET)
Australian Pharmaceutical Advisory Council. Integrated best practice model for medication
management in residential aged care facilities. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing
Service; 1997.
Example of pamphlet (if available include additional information eg place of
production, printer):
Pharmaceutical Society of Australia. Medicines and driving [pamphlet]. Pharmaceutical
Society of Australia;1998. DR-7.
• Package insert (leaflet supplied with medicine):
Lamasil [package insert]. East Hanover (NJ): Sandoz Pharmaceuticals Corp; 1993.
• Edition (other than first)
Blenkinsopp A, Paxton P. Symptoms in the pharmacy: a guide to the management of
common illness. 3rd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Science; 1998.
• Chapter or part of a book to which a number of authors have contributed
Porter RJ, Meldrum BS. Antiepileptic drugs. In: Katzung BG, editor. Basic and clinical
pharmacology. 6th ed. Norwalk (CN): Appleton and Lange; 1995. p. 361-80.
• Dictionary and similar references
Stedman's medical dictionary. 26th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1995. Apraxia; p. 119-
20.
Note: Include the Definition looked up - in this case "Apraxia"
• Book in a Series
Bennett GL, Horuk R. Iodination of chemokines for use in receptor binding analysis. In:
Horuk R, editor. Chemokine receptors. New York (NY): Academic Press; 1997. p. 134-48.
(Methods in enzymology; vol 288).
Chemokine receptors = name of the book
Methods in enzymology = title of the series
• Encyclopaedia
Hanrahan C. Valerian. In: Krapp K, Longe JL, editors. The Gale encyclopedia of alternative
medicine. Michigan: Gale Group; 2001. vol 4 p. 1768-70.
L:\ClientServices\LearningSkills\InformationSkills\HowToGuides\Citation Styles\Vancouver\vancouver.doc June 2005 5
• Legal Material
Note: (s = section of act, r = regulation)
Pharmacy Act 1976 (Qld)
Airlines Equipment Amendment Act 1981 (Cwlth), s. 19(1)(a)(ii)
Public Service Regulations (Cwlth), r.83(2)(a)(ii)
CITING A JOURNAL ARTICLE
The essential details required are (in order):
1. Name/s of author/s of the article.
See step 1 of "Citing a book" for full details.
2. Title of article.
See step 2 of "Citing a book" for full details.
Example 2.1: Validation of an immunoassay for measurement of plasma total
homocysteine.
3. Title of journal (abbreviated).
• Abbreviate title according to the style used in Medline. A list of
abbreviations can be found at:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=journals
• Note: no punctuation marks are used in the abbreviated journal name –
just spaces.
Format: journal title abbreviation (1 space)
Example 3.1: Bol Soc Dent Guatem
Example 3.2: J Mol Biol
4. Year (and month/day if necessary/available) of publication.
• Abbreviate the month to the first 3 letters.
Format: year (1 space) month (1space) day (semi-colon, no space) OR
year (semi-colon, no space)
Example 4.1: 1996 Jun 1;12(5):127-33.
5. Volume number (and issue/part -).
• *If the journal has continuous page numbering through volume’s issues,
the month/day and issue information may be omitted.
Format: volume number (no space) issue number in brackets (colon, no
space) OR volume number (colon, no space)
Example 5.1: 1996;12(5):127-33. or 1996;12:127-33
6. Page numbers
NOTE: do not repeat digits unnecessarily
Format: page numbers (full-stop)
Example 6.1: 531-5
L:\ClientServices\LearningSkills\InformationSkills\HowToGuides\Citation Styles\Vancouver\vancouver.doc June 2005 6
Examples of Citing Journals:
NOTE SOME JOURNALS MAY HAVE:
• A day, month and year
• A month and year
• A season and year eg. Autumn 2001
• Only a year
Russell FD, Coppell AL, Davenport AP. In vitro enzymatic processing of radiolabelled big ET-1 in
human kidney as a food ingredient. Biochem Pharmacol 1998 Mar 1;55(5):697-701.
Explanation of above citation:
AUTHORS TITLE OF ARTICLE
Russell FD, Coppell AL, Davenport AP. In vitro enzymatic processing of radiolabelled big ET-1 in
human kidney as a food ingredient. Biochem Pharmacol 1998 Mar 1;55(5):697-701.
TITLE OF PUBLICATION
JOURNAL YR/MO/DAY.
VOLUME/ PAGE NO.S
ISSUE NO.
NOTE: - Choose an option and be consistent
Option 1: Month and day (if available) may be omitted only if continuous paging
through issues.
Option 2: Month/day (if available) and issue number (if available) are important if the
pages in the journal are non-continuous
Option 3: Continuous page numbers (most journals have this) – may omit month/day
and issue number. Example below.
Russell FD, Coppell AL, Davenport AP. In vitro enzymatic processing of radiolabelled big ET-1 in
human kidney as a food ingredient. Biochem Pharmacol 1998;55:697-701.
No author given in article
Coffee drinking and cancer of the pancreas [editorial]. BMJ 1981;283:628.
Journals with parts and/or supplements
Examples:
Volume with supplement:
Environ Health Perspect 1994;102 Suppl 1:275-82.
Issue with supplement:
Semin Oncol 1996:23(1 Suppl 2):89-97.
Volume with part:
Ann Clin Biochem 1995;32(Pt 3):303-6.
Issue with part:
N Z Med J 1994;107(986 Pt 1):377-8.
Issue with no volume:
Clin Orthop 1995;(320):110-4.
No issue or volume:
Curr Opin Gen Surg 1993:325-33.
L:\ClientServices\LearningSkills\InformationSkills\HowToGuides\Citation Styles\Vancouver\vancouver.doc June 2005 7
CITING CONFERENCES
Treat the proceedings of a conference like a book, adding pertinent information about the
conference and cite a presentation from the proceedings like a work in a collection of pieces by
different authors:
Conference Papers
Bengtsson S, Solheim BG. Enforcement of data protection, privacy and security in medical
informatics. In: Lun KC, Degoulet P, Piemme TE, Reinhoff O, editors. MEDINFO 92.
Proceedings of the 7th World Congress on Medical Informatics; 1992 Sep 6-10; Geneva,
Switzerland. Amsterdam: North-Holland; 1992. p. 1561-5.
Conference Proceedings
Kimura J, Shibasaki H, editors. Recent advances in clinical neurophysiology. Proceedings of the
10th International Congress of EMG and Clinical Neurophysiology; 1995 Oct 15-19; Kyoto,
Japan. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1996.
CITING A NEWSPAPER ARTICLE
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