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Synopsis Submitted by Dr Abu Zar Taizai Student of MMPH Final Semester, Abasyn University Peshawar
Registration Number 420
Date 15 January 2010
Title: -
The Impact of Mother’s Education level on inter-Birth interval
Abstract: I propose to use Community Survey to assess the impact of Mother’s Education. On the inter-birth interval. I focused mainly on the impact of educational attainment of the mother on inter-Birth interval in resident women of village Jallozai.
Background and Rationale
Adequate child spacing is considered a positive factor on the health of mothers and their children [1]. The birth interval has been reported to have a significant effect on the child's future physical and mental capabilities [2-4]. In the wake of political turmoil and repeated emergency declared situations, Pakistan is facing the greatest brunt on its health indicators especially MMR and IMR, which is not only poor than any of the developed countries of the world but is also worse than the majority of developing countries of the globe.
Under the surface, more problems are brewing in the sixth most populous country in the world. Some of the challenges are fueled by the country's rapidly growing population, which is making increasing demands on social services, especially the health care system.
If we look at the population pyramids, it reflects how Pakistan has grown and how its needs will multiply (see below). Between 1970 and 2000, Pakistan more than doubled in population to 144 million from 60 million. Its population ages 15 to 49 more than tripled to 68 million from 14 million. As the number of people in that age group rose, so did demand for maternal and child health care. And health care needs are likely to grow as the 2025 projection for those ages 15 to 49 rises to 121 million, nearly double the 2000 estimate.1
Pakistan's Population by Age and Sex, 1970, 2000, and 2025
(5)
If we don't halt population growth with justice and compassion, it will be done for us by nature, brutally and without pity - and will leave a ravaged world. (
High Population Growth Rate is one of the biggest Public Health Problem through out the countries of the Globe, all the developing countries of the world is facing this problem, Pakistan not being an exception, is facing this problem more seriously in the wake of its limited resources .If the problem is not properly addressed and solved in the timely manner it will eventually lead to a catastrophic consequences on the already high MMR and IMR (7). My aim of this research is to empirically assess whether and how the impact of the
Mother’s educational level is affecting the interval between two consecutive children, and if the education of the mother is associated with longer median inert-Birth interval then how the policy makers can manipulate this causal factor of education in such a way to optimize the space between two consecutive births in controlling the population growth rate, and hence indirectly the MMR and IMR of Pakistan.
Some studies have been conducted on various aspects of factors controlling the population growth rate but to my knowledge, this aspect had never been tackled in the previous studies for this reasons I wanted to analyze the impact of mother’s education on the interval between two births, which in turn is the basic unit for affecting the fertility of the mothers in any part of the world including Pakistan, as internationally accepted that the ideal family size is 3 children or less with minimal space between the children is three years. (10)
In theory it seems very logical that, the more the mother is educated, the more it is unlikely for her to produce more children, or in other words the education of the mothers have negative effect on population growth rate (9)
Logic is the common observation that the educated mothers are more receptive to adapt various methods of family planning (6).
Objective of Research: -
The objective of my research is to establish the association between the mother’s education level and the duration of interval between two consecutive births.
Hypothesis
My Hypothesis is that:
Inter-birth interval of literate Mothers is greater the inter-birth interval of illiterate mothers
The null Hypothesis of my research is
That
There is no difference between the interval of child births of illiterate and the literate mothers.
Writing my claim mathematically
Ha the inter-birth interval of literate mothers > inter-birth interval of illiterate mothers (the alternate hypothesis)
H0 the inter-birth interval of literate mothers = inter-birth interval of illiterate mothers (the null hypothesis)
My claim is the alternate hypothesis, as a rule I will test the Null hypothesis, either I will reject the null hypothesis and will conclude that my claim is correct, or I will fail to reject the null hypothesis and will conclude that my claim is wrong.
Methods & Materials
In this proposed Research, A cross-sectional study will be conducted in village Jallozai of district Nowshera, situated 11 kilometers to the South of Town Pabbi, on the left side of main Cherat Road, which is a typical rural village. The study will span from January to April 2010. A house-to-house survey will be carried out on all households in the village, women of childbearing age who are married and still live with their husbands, will be interviewed by the local Lady Health Workers (LHWs); widows and separated women will not be interviewed as they do not full fill the inclusion criteria of the study. A structured questionnaire will be used, administered by the LHWs in the household who were trained by the author in the interview method. The households exhaustive list will be obtained from the registers of all the LHWs who are working in village, then through stratified sampling procedure the interview will be conducted. As the level of education is already written in the family registers so I will assign a number to each illiterate mother’s house- holds living in the village and then the numbers will be put in a box and will be shaken vigorously to ensure randomization. After doing this the numbers will be drawn like lottery system and those first 100 numbers drawn will be interviewed to reduce selection bias. In the second step all the elements (households) of low education, then middle education level mothers and finally high education level mothers house holds will be assigned numbers and treated like the methods already mentioned in the above lines to be randomized for the interviews. From each low, middle and high education level house holds 50 mothers will be selected from each group and the information regarding the variable of interest will be gathered. The questionnaire included items on information on the birth interval preceding the last infant. Statistical t-test will be used to analyze the final Numerical data thus obtained, to reach the conclusion.
Calculation of Inter-birth Interval
The inter-birth interval will be calculated as the time (in days)between two consecutive birth dates. I will use birth dates (ratherthan approximate dates of conception) for calculating the inter-birthinterval because this information is virtually 100 percentcomplete, whereas information on the gestational age (whichis necessary for estimating the date of conception) is moreoften missing or unreliable and memory bias is akin to happen. The effect of using the birth daterather than the estimated date of conception is expected tobe minimal for the present analysis, which focuses on longerinter-birth intervals. The inter-birth interval was categorizedaccording to completed months between two consecutive births.
The Variables
The variables about which I will get information, are those given below.
1. The level of Education of the mother
2. The number of her total children
3. The mean interval between her two children measured in units of months
The Inclusion Criteria
1. All those women who are married and have at least two children
2. All those women who are permanent residents of Jallozai village
The Exclusion Criteria
1. All those women who are either Afghan Refugees or belong to the IDPs
2. All divorced women
3. All those women whose husbands remain abroad and visit home less frequently than at least once a year.
4. All married women who have less than 2 children.
I will measure two variables in this study one independent variable (The Level of Mother’s Education) and the other dependant variable, which in my study is the duration between two consecutive births measured in unit of months.
Duration of Study
The Study will be stated in late January 2010 and will be completed by the end of April 2010.
Venue of Study
The Study population will extend across all resident married women of Jallozai, who have at least two children; the total population of the village is 6000 their houses will be selected randomly a total of 200 households will be surveyed.
The statistical Test Used analysis for
Cross Tabulation and t-test was used for the analysis of Data
References: -
1. Miller JE et al. Birth spacing and child mortality in Bangladesh and the Philippines. Demography, 1992, 29(2): 305-18.
2. Martin EC. A study of the effect of birth interval on the development of 9-year-old school children in Singapore. Journal of tropical pediatrics and environmental child health, 1979, 25(2-3):46-76.
3. McCormick M. The contribution of low birth weight to infant mortality and childhood morbidity. New England journal of medicine, 1985, 312:82-90.
4. Wynn A. Nutrition before conception and the outcome of pregnancy. Nutrition and health, 1987,
5. UN, World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision Population Database;
and U.S. Census Bureau, International Data Base (online).
6. E-MEDISYS 2008,2nd International Conference: E-Medical System October 29-31, 2008 – TUNISIA
7. Ehrlich, P. & Ehrlick, A (1990) The Population Explosion. New York: Simon and Schuster
Continues. Population reports, Series M, No. 17. Baltimore, Maryland, USA, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, The INFO Project, 2003
Actually Sir Nayyar wanted you to take help from it, and I want to help you to the best I Can
Have A Good Time
Synopsis Submitted by Dr Abu Zar Taizai Student of MMPH Final Semester, Abasyn University Peshawar
Registration Number 420
Date 15 January 2010
Title: -
The Impact of Mother’s Education level on inter-Birth interval
Abstract: I propose to use Community Survey to assess the impact of Mother’s Education. On the inter-birth interval. I focused mainly on the impact of educational attainment of the mother on inter-Birth interval in resident women of village Jallozai.
Background and Rationale
Adequate child spacing is considered a positive factor on the health of mothers and their children [1]. The birth interval has been reported to have a significant effect on the child's future physical and mental capabilities [2-4]. In the wake of political turmoil and repeated emergency declared situations, Pakistan is facing the greatest brunt on its health indicators especially MMR and IMR, which is not only poor than any of the developed countries of the world but is also worse than the majority of developing countries of the globe.
Under the surface, more problems are brewing in the sixth most populous country in the world. Some of the challenges are fueled by the country's rapidly growing population, which is making increasing demands on social services, especially the health care system.
If we look at the population pyramids, it reflects how Pakistan has grown and how its needs will multiply (see below). Between 1970 and 2000, Pakistan more than doubled in population to 144 million from 60 million. Its population ages 15 to 49 more than tripled to 68 million from 14 million. As the number of people in that age group rose, so did demand for maternal and child health care. And health care needs are likely to grow as the 2025 projection for those ages 15 to 49 rises to 121 million, nearly double the 2000 estimate.1
Pakistan's Population by Age and Sex, 1970, 2000, and 2025
(5)
If we don't halt population growth with justice and compassion, it will be done for us by nature, brutally and without pity - and will leave a ravaged world. (
High Population Growth Rate is one of the biggest Public Health Problem through out the countries of the Globe, all the developing countries of the world is facing this problem, Pakistan not being an exception, is facing this problem more seriously in the wake of its limited resources .If the problem is not properly addressed and solved in the timely manner it will eventually lead to a catastrophic consequences on the already high MMR and IMR (7). My aim of this research is to empirically assess whether and how the impact of the
Mother’s educational level is affecting the interval between two consecutive children, and if the education of the mother is associated with longer median inert-Birth interval then how the policy makers can manipulate this causal factor of education in such a way to optimize the space between two consecutive births in controlling the population growth rate, and hence indirectly the MMR and IMR of Pakistan.
Some studies have been conducted on various aspects of factors controlling the population growth rate but to my knowledge, this aspect had never been tackled in the previous studies for this reasons I wanted to analyze the impact of mother’s education on the interval between two births, which in turn is the basic unit for affecting the fertility of the mothers in any part of the world including Pakistan, as internationally accepted that the ideal family size is 3 children or less with minimal space between the children is three years. (10)
In theory it seems very logical that, the more the mother is educated, the more it is unlikely for her to produce more children, or in other words the education of the mothers have negative effect on population growth rate (9)
Logic is the common observation that the educated mothers are more receptive to adapt various methods of family planning (6).
Objective of Research: -
The objective of my research is to establish the association between the mother’s education level and the duration of interval between two consecutive births.
Hypothesis
My Hypothesis is that:
Inter-birth interval of literate Mothers is greater the inter-birth interval of illiterate mothers
The null Hypothesis of my research is
That
There is no difference between the interval of child births of illiterate and the literate mothers.
Writing my claim mathematically
Ha the inter-birth interval of literate mothers > inter-birth interval of illiterate mothers (the alternate hypothesis)
H0 the inter-birth interval of literate mothers = inter-birth interval of illiterate mothers (the null hypothesis)
My claim is the alternate hypothesis, as a rule I will test the Null hypothesis, either I will reject the null hypothesis and will conclude that my claim is correct, or I will fail to reject the null hypothesis and will conclude that my claim is wrong.
Methods & Materials
In this proposed Research, A cross-sectional study will be conducted in village Jallozai of district Nowshera, situated 11 kilometers to the South of Town Pabbi, on the left side of main Cherat Road, which is a typical rural village. The study will span from January to April 2010. A house-to-house survey will be carried out on all households in the village, women of childbearing age who are married and still live with their husbands, will be interviewed by the local Lady Health Workers (LHWs); widows and separated women will not be interviewed as they do not full fill the inclusion criteria of the study. A structured questionnaire will be used, administered by the LHWs in the household who were trained by the author in the interview method. The households exhaustive list will be obtained from the registers of all the LHWs who are working in village, then through stratified sampling procedure the interview will be conducted. As the level of education is already written in the family registers so I will assign a number to each illiterate mother’s house- holds living in the village and then the numbers will be put in a box and will be shaken vigorously to ensure randomization. After doing this the numbers will be drawn like lottery system and those first 100 numbers drawn will be interviewed to reduce selection bias. In the second step all the elements (households) of low education, then middle education level mothers and finally high education level mothers house holds will be assigned numbers and treated like the methods already mentioned in the above lines to be randomized for the interviews. From each low, middle and high education level house holds 50 mothers will be selected from each group and the information regarding the variable of interest will be gathered. The questionnaire included items on information on the birth interval preceding the last infant. Statistical t-test will be used to analyze the final Numerical data thus obtained, to reach the conclusion.
Calculation of Inter-birth Interval
The inter-birth interval will be calculated as the time (in days)between two consecutive birth dates. I will use birth dates (ratherthan approximate dates of conception) for calculating the inter-birthinterval because this information is virtually 100 percentcomplete, whereas information on the gestational age (whichis necessary for estimating the date of conception) is moreoften missing or unreliable and memory bias is akin to happen. The effect of using the birth daterather than the estimated date of conception is expected tobe minimal for the present analysis, which focuses on longerinter-birth intervals. The inter-birth interval was categorizedaccording to completed months between two consecutive births.
The Variables
The variables about which I will get information, are those given below.
1. The level of Education of the mother
2. The number of her total children
3. The mean interval between her two children measured in units of months
The Inclusion Criteria
1. All those women who are married and have at least two children
2. All those women who are permanent residents of Jallozai village
The Exclusion Criteria
1. All those women who are either Afghan Refugees or belong to the IDPs
2. All divorced women
3. All those women whose husbands remain abroad and visit home less frequently than at least once a year.
4. All married women who have less than 2 children.
I will measure two variables in this study one independent variable (The Level of Mother’s Education) and the other dependant variable, which in my study is the duration between two consecutive births measured in unit of months.
Duration of Study
The Study will be stated in late January 2010 and will be completed by the end of April 2010.
Venue of Study
The Study population will extend across all resident married women of Jallozai, who have at least two children; the total population of the village is 6000 their houses will be selected randomly a total of 200 households will be surveyed.
The statistical Test Used analysis for
Cross Tabulation and t-test was used for the analysis of Data
References: -
1. Miller JE et al. Birth spacing and child mortality in Bangladesh and the Philippines. Demography, 1992, 29(2): 305-18.
2. Martin EC. A study of the effect of birth interval on the development of 9-year-old school children in Singapore. Journal of tropical pediatrics and environmental child health, 1979, 25(2-3):46-76.
3. McCormick M. The contribution of low birth weight to infant mortality and childhood morbidity. New England journal of medicine, 1985, 312:82-90.
4. Wynn A. Nutrition before conception and the outcome of pregnancy. Nutrition and health, 1987,
5. UN, World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision Population Database;
and U.S. Census Bureau, International Data Base (online).
6. E-MEDISYS 2008,2nd International Conference: E-Medical System October 29-31, 2008 – TUNISIA
7. Ehrlich, P. & Ehrlick, A (1990) The Population Explosion. New York: Simon and Schuster
- Nobel Laureate Dr. Henry W. Kendall
- Implementation of the UN millennium declaration. Report of secretary general A/57/270 New York UN; 31 July 2002.
- Zidar VM et al. New survey findings: the reproductive revolution
Continues. Population reports, Series M, No. 17. Baltimore, Maryland, USA, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, The INFO Project, 2003
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